Leslie Green

Leslie William Green (6 February 1875—31 August 1908) was an English architect. He is best known for his design of iconic stations constructed on the London Underground railway system in central London during the first decade of the 20th century, with distinctive ox-blood red tiled façade including pillars and semi-circular first-floor windows, and patterned tiled interiors.

Early and private life
Green was born in Maida Vale, London in 1875, the second of four children of architect and Crown Surveyor Arthur Green and his wife Emily. He spent periods studying at Dover College and South Kensington School of Art, and in Paris, between periods working as an assistant in his father's architectural practice. Green married Mildred Ethel Wildy in Clapham in April 1902. They had a daughter, Vera, in 1904.

Career
Green established his own practice as an architect in 1897, working initially from his father's offices, before moving to Haymarket in 1900 and then to Adelphi House on Adam Street, by the Strand, in 1903. He became an associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) in 1898, and a member in 1899. Early commissions included works to homes and shops in various parts of the capital city.

In 1903 he was appointed as architect for the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) to design stations for three underground railway lines then under construction — the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (GNP&BR), the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway (BS&WR) and the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway (CCE&HR), which, respectively, became parts of the present day Piccadilly line, Bakerloo line and Northern line. Green was commissioned to design 50 new stations, including their external appearance, and internal fittings and decoration.

Green developed a uniform Arts and Crafts style for the ground level station buildings, adapted to suit the individual station location. They were constructed as two-storey buildings with a structural steel frame — then a new form of construction recently imported from the United States — providing the large internal spaces needed for ticket halls and lift shafts (the first escalators were introduced in 1911). The exterior elevations were clad in non-loadbearing ox-blood red (sang de boeuf) glazed terracotta (faïence) blocks, provided by the Leeds Fireclay Company. The ground floor was divided into wide bays by columns, allowing separate entrances and exits, and also providing space for retail outlets. The design also featured large semi-circular windows at first floor level (occasionally with circular occuli) and a heavy dentilated cornice above. A broad strip between the two floors announced the name of the station in capital letters. The station buildings were constructed with flat roofs with the deliberate aim of encouraging commercial office development above, another benefit of the load-bearing structural steel frame.

The interior was tiled in green and white, with decorative details. At platform level, the stations were provided with a standardised tiling design incorporating the station name, but with quickly identified individual colour schemes and geometric tile patterns formed in repeating panels along the platform length. Directional signs were also included in the tile designs. The tiled surfaces created a unifying theme, and proved easy to maintain.

The railways were to open in 1906 and 1907, and Green was notified in June 1907 that the contract would be terminated at the end of that year. He was elected a Fellow of the RIBA in 1907, including details of his work for the UERL as part of his submission.

Many of Green's station buildings survive, although internal modifications have seen most of his ticket hall designs altered to suit later developments. At platform levels a number of the original tiling schemes survive today or have, as at Lambeth North and Marylebone, been reproduced in recent years to the original pattern. Only three of the surving stations – Holloway Road, Mornington Crescent and Gloucester Road – are listed buildings. His work was continued by his assistant, Stanley Heaps. The designs remain instantly recognisable: the screen appearance of the fictitious Walford East tube station from the BBC soap opera EastEnders is inspired by Green's designs.

Death
The pressure of producing designs and supervising the works to so many stations in such a short period of time, placed a strain on Green's health. He contracted tuberculosis and died at a sanatorium at Mundesley-on-Sea in Norfolk in August 1908, at the age of 33. He was survived by his wife and daughter.

Examples of existing Leslie Green stations

 * For complete lists of central London stations of these lines see Bakerloo line, Piccadilly line and Northern line

Bakerloo line

Stations between Edgware Road and Elephant & Castle inclusive constructed by BS&WR with extant Leslie Green station buildings:
 * Edgware Road — separate building from the District, Circle or Hammersmith & City lines station
 * Maida Vale
 * Oxford Circus
 * Kennington Road — renamed Lambeth North in 1918
 * Elephant & Castle — separate building from the demolished Northern line station

Piccadilly line

Stations between Finsbury Park and Earl's Court inclusive constructed by GNP&BR with extant Leslie Green station buildings:
 * Holloway Road
 * Caledonian Road
 * York Road — station closed in 1932 but building remains
 * Russell Square
 * Holborn (Kingsway) — suffix dropped in 1960s. The original station façades on Kingsway and High Holborn were uniquely of granite but were destroyed by 1930s replacements. The adjacent façades at ground and first floor of the building in which the station is situated were built to the same design using Portland stone.
 * Strand — renamed Aldwych in 1915. Station closed in 1994, but building remains and has been restored to close to original appearance
 * Covent Garden
 * Leicester Square
 * Down Street — station closed in 1932, but building remains
 * Hyde Park Corner — surface building no longer used as station access
 * Brompton Road — station closed in 1934 and mostly demolished although one elevation remains
 * South Kensington
 * Gloucester Road

Northern line

Stations between Hampstead and Archway and Strand (now Charing Cross) inclusive constructed by CCE&HR with extant Leslie Green station buildings:
 * Tufnell Park
 * Kentish Town
 * South Kentish Town — station closed in 1924 but building remains.
 * Hampstead
 * Belsize Park
 * Chalk Farm
 * Camden Town
 * Mornington Crescent
 * Euston — surface building no longer used to access station.
 * Tottenham Court Road — not the current station of that name. Renamed Goodge Street in 1908.
 * Leicester Square